Nicosias Municipal Theatre Collapse Structural Analysis

Nicosias Municipal Theatre Collapse Structural Analysis Property Building Nicosia Municipal Theatre Location Mouseiou Avenue 4 Nicosia, 1097, Cyprus Report Date 29 March 2017 Purpose of report: A structural statement towards Nicosias Municipal Theatre after its roof collapse by addressing concerns raised by the public with reference to its historical and cultural importance for its users. The report will include studying the buildings background and suggestions for the most appropriate reconstruction of the roof having in mind its structural strength, the original shape of the building before collapsing and its materials. Points of interest: Roof reconstruction during refurbishment. Weight of steel shears used over steel beams exiting structures strength. Materials used on the original design and during refurbishment. Type of steel beams used its construction method, why it was chosen and its use background Recommended actions: Repair beams structure with original material, or suggest a new more sustainable one. Investigate what might went wrong and repair as necessary the collapsed roof with particular attention to keep the original design always in mind. Thorough repair of all existing cracking to restore the overall structural integrity of the building. Remove redundant old structure remains (a sensible precaution for future consideration). Conclusion: Introduction Each building writes its own story and Nicosias Municipal Theater for half a century was a point of reference for the island of Cyprus, and so it should remain. The Nicosia Friends Association considering the historical value of the site supports that the building is marked among the timeless places of the island that the Municipal Theater was, and should remain, a serious outbreak theatrical, educational, and entertainment building for the country. It is an essential part of the citys story, one of the capital culture incubator unnecessarily deprived the last eight years. It is more than a melancholic and sad spectacle, the image of an important building abandoned and left to the mercy of time! Such buildings are living organs in our culture, and shouldnt be allowed to collapse, be useless to stand as haunted corpses waiting for the bulldozer to demolish mercilessly, eliminating them from the map of a town! There are some buildings that have acquired life and soul because of the role they have played or continue to play within our own lives. Because the building is not just a functional and aesthetic personality, but also a cultural, historical and a point of reference landmark in the city. Despite all the possible errors in the functionality or controversial style that a building might have, it is still commonly accepted benchmarks and objectively speaking important in our lives. The Municipal Theater of Nicosia, was a building that was a living cell in the cultural pulse of the capital for years. Without doubt, this building, even several decades ago, when it was designed, was anachronistic in style. The exterior being a neoclassical housing, with pediment and columns, in contradiction with its modern for the time interior. But what is important is to realize that creating a building, we create an object that can indeed be made from inanimate materials but has life and character of the time used and operated by its people. This building was more than such an organic mechanism, as it was called by locals, the instrument for cultural activity of Nicosia for many years, the area where the Cyprus Theater Organization lived the greatest of glories, which thrived on the stage of our leading actors, which hosted so many artists from all over the world. A place that hosted many outstanding and of high importance theatrical performances, political ceremonies, numerous works of world repertoire, musical performances by top musicians around the world, and was the focus of cultural life in Nicosia. General Information Historical and Cultural Background Architectural Description and Drawings: In describing the property references and drawings of the front, rear, left and right side elevations will be used, section, plans and structural analysis drawings. (Still pending- under processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)) The property is a Theatre of neo-classical style that was built in 1966 and it has been used for theatrical and dance performances, musical concerts, and other political and national ceremonies. It has the capacity of 1220 seats, central ground floor sitting and balcony seats, but also contained smaller dance studios and theatrical practice rooms on the rear sides of the building, and dressing-rehearsal rooms at the rear back of the building and underground. On the underground you could also find all technical material and equipment for the theatres use. The main accommodation is on two storeys with a further cellar/basement level below the rear part of the property. A marble covered faà §ade occupies the front of the building but no damages occurred to it from the roof and structure collapse, nor cracks or decay signs. Cultural and Historical Background: Before collapsing, the theatre was the main stage of the Theatrical Organization of Cyprus. As an only 50 years old building, its current structural and architectural stage raises several concerns by the locals, as it is considered a quite new, for its historical value, building. The Nicosia Municipal Theatre was designed by Pefkios Georgiades in 1966, a prime architect of its time in Cyprus, and built in October 1967. It has not only been Cyprus Theatre Organisations (THOC) centre of performances but the first choice of use by foreign artists as well. In July 2002, the municipality had chosen the same architectural practice to revise the theatres renovation in order for any upgrades to take place, having contemporary needs and safety protocols in mind. In March 2005, the responsible for the renovation construction company had been chosen and contracts were signed (A. Panayides Contracting Ltd) with the refurbishment works coming into completion by November 2005 for a total cost spen d to reach à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,580,072. After less than 3 years time, in June 2008, Cyprus experienced a disaster which could have been a tragedy, which could have caused a painful reference in the memories of the people of Cyprus for generations, as few hours before the roof collapsed there was a performance going on. The roof collapsed overnight on an empty theatre, few hours before a sold out, end of year performance, with the audience to be filled mainly with children and teachers. The fact that the roof structure collapsed only 2,5 years after the government expended nearly à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6m on the buildings refurbishment is in any architects and engineers eyes a shocking, unexplained incident, with many still wondering What caused the entire roof to collapse so soon after so much . money were spent on improving the structural integrity of the building? Structural Related Information: The construction of the original design has been proven as conventional throughout and, from an optical examination, contained no rare detailing or materials which might arouse structural problems. The ministry of Culture denied any access to the public into the details of the structural report. The public announcement included a statement saying only that it seems like the steel structures resistance, on which the roof was placed, was not evaluated correctly among other things. It also addressed that the structure failure occurred on a part of the roof where only a replacement of the crenelated iron pieces of the roof and nothing to do with the support beams as any replacement or maintenance to them was believed to be needless. Furthermore it was said that the steel shears capability to endure the weight of what was going to be suspended from them was overestimated and wrongly calculated.The Inspective Committee stated as a final reason for the incident, technical reasons that cause d the failure. In general, the buildings material where mainly local stone for the walls construction, concrete for the foundations, marble exterior facades, wooden interior wall facades and lastly steel for the roof structure with steel shears as the covering material. The beams structure used, according to the public structural report released to the public, was a combination of the Quadrangular Truss and the French Truss along with Vertical Struts. A structure that can handle the shape and such function that the architect originally designed, for this kind of long spun structure of distance up to 60 metres long (197ft). This building has been a prime figure for Cyprus capital city, but yet was abandoned and left at its since then stage, ever since June 2008, when the structure collapsed, with no plans for reconstruction of the roof, although there is a high demand by the majority of Nicosians, the municipality is under a legal fight over the incident in contradiction with all those guilty in 2010. They sued the contractor, architect and engineers and requested a full payment for the reconstruction fee, assessed to be about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4m to reinstate the theatre. From the information released to the public, it is known that the original design for the roof was made from Steel, a combination of the Quadrangular Truss and the French Truss along with Vertical Struts. The main reason was the big length span of the buildings roof and also knowing that steel trusses are usually made of multiple angles, plates and eye bars, in order to create such shapes which are easily modified in order to resist a tensile stress rather than a compressive stress. This system of truss arrangements allows fewer of its members to be in compression, and also, its shorter members are in compression and the longer ones in tension. Purlins are used to support the rafters of the structure, so the distance between the struts, because of the fact that the roof is covered with iron sheets, fixed on the purlins, should not be more than 5 feet apart from each other. This is the most economical and practical method of construction, as the number of braces used depends on the roofs inclination, span and shape. A horizontal tie was used to avoid bending of the laterals. Furthermore, raising the lowest chord should be considered, in order to substantially increase the tension in the truss members in need. The reason is because a truss with its lowest chord with a rise of two or three feet is better aesthetically and visually, and of course stronger, as by raising the bottom chord will shorten the rest structure members, hence the more strength and forces will be distributed better. This specific structure was chosen for the roof of the theatre, having in mind its span of 190ftwith spacing, from center to center, of 20ft. The roof was made with 28 beams, which would be supported by purlins at points seen above in the diagram, marked with letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. Additionally a thinner steel sash was placed between C and D, for better light and ventilation to be allowed into the interior of the building when was needed. Parts marked with A and B was not part of the truss strength structure but they were placed there to be an additional frame work to upkeep the elevated roof and the stresses. One of the suggestions proposed for the refurbished structure was to turn the roofs structure bottom chord in a segmental shape, which will give to it an elegant framework, but also more efficient proportions for such a wide span structure. The parts built-in between the junctions A, B, C, D in a Quadrangular Truss, are simply struts external to the truss. In both above cases, original and suggested one, all members of this kind of truss are made of several angles, to take up any tension or compression. The involved stresses in this Quadrangular trusses, due to weather conditions, should consider, according to calculations for the maximum stress that might be created by any potential material choice or combination of loads for structures of 100 to 200 feet span. The topography of the site is unlike to might have caused any complications that may be connected to the incident, as there are no geographical problematic features which might have caused foundation problems. On the exterior, a small crack can be seen on the north side elevation, right above the top floor windows, which is spreading down to the rear end of the wall until reaching the side door, which leads inside the theatre. Also, on the south elevation of the building, a cracking can be seen above the central beam, which spans until the top floor windows and also at the ground floor main windows. (Drawings to follow). No other external cracking of significance could be located that might have been caused after the roof collapsed. On the interior, a large cracking can be seen on the wall between the main stage and the sitting area and also in the corresponding wall above on the top floor gallery (sitting area). Even though the cracking is relatively small in scale compared to the buildings damage, it appears to be quite new, which makes it look like it was caused from the incident and not prior to it. The majority of the affected areas are those which have been recently refurbished. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Historical structural steelwork handbook: properties of U.K. and European cast iron, wrought iron and steel sections including design, load and stress data since the mid-19th century. W. Bates; British Constructional Steelwork Association. London, 1984 Stiffness of joints in bolted connected cold-formed steel trusses, Zaharia, Raul; Dubina, Dan. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2006, Vol.62 (3), pp.240-249 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Science Direct (Elsevier B.V.) Rotational stiffness of cold-formed steel roof purlin-sheeting connections. Zhao, Congxiao ; Yang, Jian ; Wang, Feiliang ; Chan, Andrew H.C. Engineering Structures, February 2014, Vol.59, pp.284-297 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Science Direct (Elsevier B.V.) http://www.lawyersincyprus.com/el/article/roof-collapse-whos-to-blame http://www.cyprusedirectory.com/articleview.aspx?ID=2604 http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/Chapter-II-Types-Of-Steel-Trusses.html#ixzz20ySOLRb5 Architectural Association of Cyprus Official Report of Incident ETEK Org

What is K-12? Essay

According to the K to 12 Deped Primer (2011), â€Å"K-12 means â€Å"Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education.† Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6). see more:k-12 advantages and disadvantages What is the rationale for this program? There is an urgent need to enhance the quality of basic education in our country as seen in the education outcomes of Filipino students and the comparative disadvantage of the Philippines with regard to other countries. The following data would support this explanation: At present, the Philippines is the only country in Asia and among the three remaining countries in the world that uses a 10-year basic education cycle. According to a presentation made by the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO-INNOTECH) on Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education (2010), the comparative data on duration of Basic and Pre-University Education in Asia shows that the Philippines allots 10 years not just for the basic education cycle but also for the pre-university education while all the other countries have either 11 or 12 years in their basic education cycle. Achievement scores highlight our students’ poor performance in national examinations. The National Achievement Test (NAT) results for grade 6 in SY 2009-2010 showed only a 69.21% passing rate while the NAT results for high school is at a low 46.38%. Moreover, international tests results in 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) show that the Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries in HS Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science. Moreover, the Philippines ranked the lowest in 2008 even with only the science high schools joining the Advanced Mathematics category. The present curriculum is described as congested. This means that students do not get enough time to perform tasks because the curriculum is designed to be taught in a span of 12 years and not 10 years. The more obvious result of this is the fact that most high school students graduate without the readiness to take upon higher education  or employment. These students are not equipped with the basic skills or competencies needed at work. Furthermore, the short duration of our basic education program puts Filipinos who are interested to either work or study abroad at a disadvantage. This is because other countries see our 10-year program as incomplete, which then, causes Filipino graduates to not be considered as professionals abroad. Given all these supporting facts, there is indeed a need to improve the quality of basic education by enhancing it and by expanding the basic education cycle. What is the vision of this program? Records will show that as early as 1925, there were already efforts to improve the basic education curriculum and recommendations have been put forward since then. Thus, this idea of adding years to the present curriculum is not new. The K-12 Curriculum envisions â€Å"holistically developed learners with 21st century skills† (Deped Primer, 2011). At the core of this basic education program is â€Å"the complete human development of every graduate† (DepEd discussion paper, p.6). This further means that every student would have an understanding of the world around him and a passion for life-long learning while addressing every student’s basic learning needs: â€Å"learning to learn, the acquisition of numeracy, literacy, and scientific and technological knowledge as applied to daily life† (p.6). In addition to this, every graduate is envisioned to have respect for human rights and would aim to become â€Å"Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makabansa, Maka-kalikasanâ⠂¬  (p.6) The K-12 vision aims to have relevance in the socio-economic realm, as well. This means that the students would understand their role as productive members of the country. Such vision can only be possible through an enhanced curriculum. What are the benefits of this program? Prof. Calingasan explains that â€Å"while parents may look at this as extended expense i.e., paying tuition for another 2 years in high school, this would offset itself since the competencies one would learn from the additional years are the same ones which the first two years of general education in college teach.† The DepEd primer (2011) specifies the benefits to individuals and families: 1. A decongested academic workload, giving students more time to master competencies and for co-curricular activities and community involvement, thus, allowing for a more holistic development; 2. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market and they will be prepared for higher education; 3. K-12 is affordable; 4. The potential annual earnings of a K-12 graduate will be higher compared to the earnings of a 10-year high school graduate; 5. Graduates will be recognized abroad. The benefits of K-12 curriculum for the society and the economy are: 1. It will contribute to economic growth. Studies show that improvements in the quality of education increases GDP growth. According to the DepEd (2010), studies in the country have reflected that an additional year of school increases the earnings by 7.5% and that improvements in the quality of education will enable the GDP grow by 2-2.2%. 2. It will facilitate the recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries 3. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development.

Mobile Phones And The Mobile Phone - 987 Words

In this day and age, it is almost impossible to not have a cell phone; the number of people who own a cell phone is growing every year. â€Å"At the end of 2011, there were almost 6 billion mobile subscriptions. That is a dramatic increase from 5.4 billion in 2010 and 4.7 billion mobile subscriptions in 2009† (International Tele - communications Union, 2011). With the introduction into society the cell phone established a convenient way to communicate between individuals, and they have also connected the world in a way that was thought to be impossible before their invention. When the mobile phone was first invented its only purpose was to be able to make a phone call while on the go. The mobile phone has gone through a great deal of technological advancement throughout the years. The cell phones today are called smartphones, which have the capabilities of a computer with the features of mobile phones. While society has benefited from mobile phones, there is a growing concern amongst a group of individuals who argue that with this influx of cell phone technology people have become too obsessed and dependent with their cell phone to the point where the device has had a negative impact on many people’s social skills. Some of the issues caused by cell phones are the way people use them as a method for avoiding face to face interaction, the way texting encourages poor grammar techniques, the numerous distractions cell phones create. One of the more obvious effects cell phones have onShow MoreRelatedMobile Phones And Mobile Phone Industry1599 Words   |  7 PagesDo you still remember the â€Å"old days† of flip phones and low bandwidth? How many apps did you installed in your smartphone today? The mobile phone industry has been firmly growing at a nearly geometric pace, and it shows no signs of slowing. Since the middle of the 20th century, the mobile phone industry, including apps, software, and web interactivity, has been designed and developed in a imaginable way. Mobile phones have changed from being simple functional communication tools into being fullyRead MoreMobile Phones And The Mobile Phone Industry1448 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication solutions, including the mobile phone. In fact, there are now more mobile phone subscribers in the world (2.4 billion), than there are landline phones subscribers. The mobile phone is becoming a primary means of communication, not only for voice but also for digital services, email, digital photos, navigation, etc. Worldwide over 350 billion text messages, also known as â€Å"SMS Messages,† are exchanged across the world’s mobile networks every month. The global cell phone industry had a growth momentumRead MoreMobile Phone1189 Words   |  5 PagesStudy of Mobile Phone Usage Among the Teenagers And Youth In Philippines An undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of College of Management and Business Technology In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Subject Research I By: CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Mobile phones have become very popular in recent years and their development has been amazing. It is no wonder why they have become irreplaceable. With all applications whichRead MoreMobile Phone801 Words   |  4 Pagesthey have unknowingly become the slaves of technology. It has also helped to create convenience to the people. To date, many people are using their mobile phone as their personal digital assistant, one example is Smartphone. Smartphone is a combination of mobile phones and personal digital assistant. As a mobile phone, it can be used to make phone calls, update contact list, personal calendar and task list. With technology enhancements, its role as a personal digital assistant will help to createRead MoreMobile Phones5820 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Mobile Phones: A boon or a bane By Ankita S., ahmedabad, India More by this author Email me when Ankita S. contributes work Image Credit: Joseph S., San Anselmo, CA Is a knife useful instrument or a perilous weapon? It depends on how it is used. Same implies with the case of technology. The greatest invention are those which affect the mass of people; and of those greatest invention is cell phones .It would be very ungrateful on our parts not to recognise how imperative are they to us. Cell phonesRead MoreMobile Phones And Mobile Technology1064 Words   |  5 PagesIn a remarkably short period of time, Cell phones and mobile technology have become omnipresent in the day-to-day life in Bangladesh. People around the country are using their cell phones for a variety of purposes, especially for calling, texting and taking pictures as well as social awareness raising, literacy training and skill development. The rapid expansion of mobile phone network has been accompanied by a growing emphasis on providing more cellular based services and promoting efficiency andRead MoreApplication Of Mobile Phones : The Mobile Phone Amusement With The Fire Phone94 2 Words   |  4 Pagescellphones wasn’t that popular. That being said, everyone did not wait in line just to get the new Nokia phone. However, the world wasn t exactly prepared for the iPhone when it was divulged in 2007. The originator Steve Jobs dispatched the in with no reservations one advanced music player, camera (2MP!), and Internet-empowered PDA gadget, and the rest is history. Application empowered cell phones assumed control over the business sector after the arrival of the iPhone. Google s publicly releasedRead MoreThe Mobile Phone Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mobile Phone Since the beginning of time, man has been inventing things; demand for technology is sky high and what the public wants, the public gets. Nothing, however, can compare with the sudden boost of the 21st centurys best invention yet, the mobile phone. Communication has taken on a new meaning, and currently you cannot take a stroll down a typical street in Europeand not see one. Mobile Phones have taken the world by a storm and their rising popularityRead MoreMobile Phone Addiction1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe problem of mobile phone addiction (1010words) Nomophobia, the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. The phrase was coined by a U.K. study commissioned by SecurEnvoy as an abbreviation for no-mobile-phone phobia. According to an article, 77% of the 18-24 age group revealed nomophobia.   If a person doesn’t have his or her cell phone, and feels uncomfortable trying to respond to real life situations without it, experts warn this is addiction. In Hong Kong, it is not hard to find teenagersRead MoreEvolution of the Mobile Phone718 Words   |  3 Pagesof the era of mobile technology started forty years ago with the first call from a cell phone. Martin Cooper, vice president of Motorola, walked out of a Manhattan building and made the first cellular network call from a DynaTAC phone. The first call was made to Bell Labs, Motorola’s largest competitor in the mobile marketing business. (Cheng, 2013) Cooper’s phone call started a trend in which technology constantly evolves. From the Motorola DynaTAC to the iPhone 5S, the mobile phone has evolved since

A Feminist Study of quot;The Deadquot; Essay - 832 Words

As the last story of James Joyces short story collection, The Dubliners, The Dead is about a young Dubliners one day of attending his aunts party and his emotional changes after the party ends. In the paralyzed city the young man feels the atmosphere of death everywhere. And he often has misunderstandings with people, especially women including his wife. From the main character Gabriels experience, we can see his personal life is in a strained circumstances. This difficult situation is probably caused by his failure to deal with the relationship with the female characters. Many events happen in the story prove that he can not get a real freedom until he understands the value of woman to improve the mutual relationship. The female†¦show more content†¦His reaction also reveals about his ability to relate to women and to people of other social classes is not strong. Another thing worths noticing is that the name Lily, a kind of white flower, has a symbol meaning. People use the flower in the funeral, so the caretakers daughter is a living symbol of death who stands at the gate letting guests in. So she stands for a key to getting into women inner world. Thus Gabriels attemp to understand women inner world fails. Conflict also happens between Gabriel and Miss Ivors. Miss Ivors is a typicalized nationalists. She directly attacks Gabriel for writing for The Daily Express. She feels ashamed of him and says to him, to say youd write for a paper like that, I didnt think you were a West Briton (130). She criticized his anti-nationalist attitudes and goes away in the middle of the party. This conflict makes Gabriel feel unpleasant and sad. He is angry because he thinks she had tried to make him ridiculous before people, heckling him and staring at him with her rabbits eyes (132). He tries to relief his nervousness by turning to sit beside Freddy Malins mother who talks those tribble things to him. It doesnt help him banish from his mind all memory of the unpleasant incident with Miss Ivors (132). From Gabriels conflict with Miss Ivors we can see that he cannt achieve the approvementShow MoreRelated The Fatherhood Movement Essay5325 Words   |  22 Pageswell- being of all children. quot;Family val uesquot; groups encourage long lasting stable, marriages and tough divorce laws to increase the number of two- parent households. Some organizations focus on reasonable child support and visitation, as well as creative joint custody arrangements to combat fatherless ness after divorce. Still other sects within the movement encourage responsible fatherhood through counseling for quot;Deadbeatquot; or quot;Dead-brokequot; Dads, job training and placementRead More Adrienne Rich Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pages She was struggling with conflicts over the given roles of womanhood versus those of artistry. quot;I was writing very little, partly from fatigue, that female fatigue of suppressed anger and loss of contact with my own being; partly from the discontinuity of female life with its attention to small chores, errands, work that others constantly undo, small childrens constant needsquot; (When We Dead Awaken). In this poem, she describes her long struggle to confront her condition as a woman. A stanzaRead MoreEssay on Social Structure2317 Words   |  10 Pagesinstitutions in society in the household or family. It is here that almost all the consumption in society takes place. It is also here that almost all the labour power in society originates. The make-up of the family is not as quot;cut and dryquot; as it once was. The nuclear family is dead and what has replaced it has put all old theories about the family to the test. One major change has been the rise of the dual-earner family. In 70% of households today there is no single breadwinner. (Burggraf, 1997:54)Read MoreEssay THE LIFE OF SOJOURNER TRUTH1908 Words   |  8 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sojourner Truth the most famous black female orators 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;She lectured throughout Northeast and Midwest on womens rights, religion and prison reform. 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Aint I a Womenquot; speech May 29, 1851 II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Moving to start a new life. A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Civil War 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;She nursed soldiers, collected food and clothing for black volunteer regimentsRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesthat was made to be free of presupposition. The idea is to study and describe objects and events from the position of observers, rather than to make claims about some objective reality. Anything that is not immediately concious is to be excluded. Rather than deductive or empircal methods, Husserl’s method was to rely on the information gathered by the senses and to throw away all scientific or  metaphysical  knowledge or beliefs in order to study phenomenon more accurately. Phenomenology is sometimes